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Antidepressants are a family of psychiatric medications which are used to relieve mood disorders, such as dysthymia and major depressions and some anxiety disorders such as social anxiety disorder. Mostly commonly used drugs for this purpose includes tetracyclic antidepressants (TeCAs), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Mostly prescribed drugs do includes these medications and usually recommended by physicians, particularly psychiatrists, however, there are competing claims and many studies which question their effectiveness and address their side effects.
Usually antidepressants have a delayed onset of action, mostly from 2 to 6 weeks and would be administered for a prolonged periods of time from months to years to achieve a good result.
The choice of particular antidepressant is usually based, if no research evidence provided of there is no difference in efficacy, on seeking a way to avoid certain side effects, and taking into account occurring psychiatric disorders, prior treatment history and specific clinical symptoms.
There are many theories on the way how anti-depressants work. One research suggests that delayed onset of clinical effects from antidepressants shows cooperation from adaptive changes in antidepressant effects. Also, there a theory which uses information that cause of depression is characterized by an hyperactive hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) that resembles the neuro-endocrine response to stress. These HPA axis irregularities take part in the development of depressive symptoms, and antidepressants are helping to normalize HPA axis function. So, generally speaking, therapeutic effects of antidepressants is caused by their influence on neurotransmitters and neurotransmission.
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